The COVID-19 framing dataset: How secondary data can be used to explore paradoxical attitudes during the COVID-19 pandemic

We present a data set containing data of five cross-cultural framing studies conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic (Austria, Germany, U.K. and U.S.). The dataset covers data on participants' conspiracy mentality, distrust in science, risk aversion, individualism-collectivism and the endorsement of preventive behaviors such as vaccination willingness. In addition, across all studies, we collected data of a newly developed scale measuring paradoxical, anti-prevention attitudes during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020-2021). We think that authors interested in the interplay of different traits and COVID-19 attitudes could be interested in the secondary use of the data set, and especially in the newly developed Paradox of Prevention Scale. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved)

Determinants of COVID Vaccination Willingness among Health and Non-Health Studies Students: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Students, as a relatively health-informed population group, may still have limitations in health literacy, which is a concern as students take increasing responsibility for their health and make independent health decisions. The aim of this study was to evaluate the overall attitudes towards COVID vaccination among university students and to investigate various factors contributing to vaccination willingness among health and non-health studies students. A total of 752 students from the University of Split were included in this cross-sectional study and completed a questionnaire that consisted of three sections: socio-demographic data, health status information, and information on vaccination against COVID-19. Results show that the majority of students of health and natural sciences were willing to be vaccinated, but the majority of students of social sciences were not (p < 0.001). Students who used credible sources of information had a more significant proportion of those willing to be vaccinated and the majority of students who used less credible sources (79%) or did not think about it (68.8%) were unwilling to be vaccinated (p < 0.001). Multiple binary logistic regression modeling shows that female gender, younger age, studying social sciences, negative opinion about the need to reintroduce lockdown and the effectiveness of epidemiological measures, and usage of less credible sources of information were the most important factors contributing to increased vaccination hesitancy. Therefore, improving health literacy and restoring trust in relevant institutions can be critical in health promotion and COVID-19 prevention.

Determinants of Vaccination and Willingness to Vaccinate against COVID-19 among Pregnant and Postpartum Women during the Third Wave of the Pandemic: A European Multinational Cross-Sectional Survey.

With COVID-19 vaccination hesitancy at around 50% in the obstetric population, it is critical to identify which women should be addressed and how. Our study aimed to assess COVID-19 vaccination willingness among pregnant and postpartum women in Europe and to investigate associated determinants. This study was a cross-sectional, web-based survey conducted in Belgium, Norway, Switzerland, The Netherlands, and United Kingdom (UK) in June-August 2021. Among 3194 pregnant women, the proportions of women vaccinated or willing to be vaccinated ranged from 80.5% in Belgium to 21.5% in Norway. The associated characteristics were country of residence, chronic illness, history of flu vaccine, trimester of pregnancy, belief that COVID-19 is more severe during pregnancy, and belief that the COVID-19 vaccine is effective and safe during pregnancy. Among 1659 postpartum women, the proportions of women vaccinated or willing to be vaccinated ranged from 86.0% in the UK to 58.6% in Switzerland. The associated determinants were country of residence, chronic illness, history of flu vaccine, breastfeeding, and belief that the COVID-19 vaccine is safe during breastfeeding. Vaccine hesitancy in the obstetric population depends on medical history and especially on the opinion that the vaccine is safe and on the country of residence.

[Vaccination willingness and educational level]. / Vaccinatiebereidheid en opleidingsniveau.

Vaccination is an important part of the fight against COVID-19 virus. A predictor of the proportion of people who will actually take a vaccination is the willingness to vaccinate among the population. Literature shows that vaccination willingness among people with lower socioeconomic status is lower than among other groups. In this contribution we describe to what extent this is also the case in the Netherlands and show how risk perception, trust in the effects and safety of the vaccine, and health literacy may be related to this. Finally, we highlight a number of intervention strategies that can make a positive contribution to vaccination willingness among lower educated groups.

Vaxx-Confident and Vaxx-Hesitant Agents: Factors Affecting COVID-19 Vaccination Willingness Among Young Adults in Klang Valley, Malaysia

In February 2021, the government of Malaysia started the rollout of COVID-19 vaccination with the frontlines, such as healthcare personnel, essential services, and defense and security personnel. This effort was followed by the second phase of vaccination between April to August 2021 with senior citizens and high-risk groups, followed by the third phase from May 2021 to February 2022 with individuals aged 18 and above. Though this plan has been widely publicized and seemed to be carried out as planned, not much is known about the reaction of young adults getting vaccinated. As such, the current research was conducted to examine the (1) willingness of Malaysian young adults to get vaccinated, (2) contributing factors, and (3) hindrance factors towards vaccination among young adults. A self-administered online survey method was employed in this study, with 306 Malaysian young adults living in Klang Valley as research samples. The findings indicated that 74.5% of the respondents were willing to get vaccinated and that most of them, regardless of their vaccination willingness, emphasized the salient role that reliable and trusted information plays in shaping their inclinations. Based on their reported willingness, the respondents were categorized into two categories: vaxx-confident and vaxx-hesitant agents. The agents of socialization that were analyzed and discussed were news and media, family members, government, and opinion leaders. The two-way socialization processes that promote and hinder their COVID-19 vaccination were further discussed and highlighted. © Universiti Putra Malaysia Press.

COVID-19 vaccination reduces the proportion of cases with severe progression among persons insured by the Berufsgenossenschaft für Gesundheitsdienst und Wohlfahrtspflege

Objective: Health care workers are at increased risk of infection with SARSCoV-2 at work. We therefore investigated the development of vaccination rates among health care workers in Germany and the proportion of cases with severe COVID-19 progression in an ecological study. Methods: PubMed, Google Scholar, Google and the websites of the Robert Koch Institute and the German Medical Journal were searched for relevant publications on vaccination willingness and rates in Germany from January 2021 to September 2022. Furthermore, we evaluated reports on suspected cases of occupational diseases caused by SARS-CoV-2 in a database of the Berufsgenossenschaft für Gesundheitsdienst und Wohlfahrtspflege (BGW) as of August 2022. To estimate the severity of COVID-19, we analysed the proportion of hospitalised cases and cases resulting in compensation payments for injury and death. Results: Although vaccination willingness was low at the beginning of the vaccination campaign, the vaccination rate increased steadily during 2021. Recent surveys show vaccination coverage rates of well over 90%. By August 2022, a total of 280, 926 suspected cases due to COVID-19 had been reported to BGW. The proportion of cases resulting in hospitalisation decreased from 4.3% in 2020 to 0.026% in 2022, and the proportion of deaths also decreased from February 2020 to July 2022. However, the vaccination status of persons insured by BGW is not recorded in these statistics. Conclusions: Although the vaccination status is unknown, BGW data suggest that the severity of COVID-19 cases steadily decreased with increasing vaccination coverage. © 2022 Alfons W. Gentner Verlag GmbH & Co. KG. All rights reserved.

Attitudes Regarding Influenza Vaccination Among Public Health Workers during COVID-19 Pandemic - China, September 2022.

What is already known about this topic?: Public health workers (PHWs) were listed as a priority group recommended for influenza vaccination during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Understanding the drivers of influenza vaccine hesitancy among PHWs can promote influenza vaccination in the COVID-19 pandemic. What is added by this report?: The study found that 10.7% of PHWs were hesitant to get an influenza vaccination. Drivers associated with vaccine hesitancy were assessed based on "3Cs model." The absence of a government or workplace requirement and concerns about vaccine safety were the biggest obstacles for PHWs to recommend influenza vaccination. What are the implications for public health practice?: Interventions are needed to improve PHWs' influenza vaccine coverage to prevent the co-circulation of influenza and COVID-19.

The association between adverse events of COVID-19 vaccination and anxiety and willingness to receive a booster dose.

Many countries have initiated a booster dose for COVID-19 vaccination. However, little is known about the association between adverse events to vaccination and individual psychological status and willingness to receive the booster dose. From December 1, 2021 to February 1, 2022, 474 participants answered a questionnaire in a university town in China, and information about previous adverse events, anxiety status, and vaccination intention were collected. Chi-square test and logistic regression models were used to analyze the factors associated with willingness to receive booster dose of vaccine. Previous adverse events, such as pain at the injection site, fatigue, muscle pain and headache were associated with anxiety of the participants. About 76.2% of the participants were willing to receive booster dose of vaccine. However, adverse event was not associated with their willingness to receive the booster dose. Participants with age ≤25 were less willing to receive the booster dose, although the association was not statistically significant in the multivariable model. In conclusion, the adverse events of COVID-19 vaccination were associated with psychology status of the vaccinated people. It is still necessary to strengthen the public education on COVID-19 vaccination to improve the vaccination willingness of people, especially among the young people.

Applying two behavioral theories to predict the willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine booster in the elderly: A cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: The COVID-19 vaccination booster can effectively protect the elderly from infection while also lowering the risk of serious illness and death. However, barriers remain in willingness of the elderly to boost vaccination. OBJECTIVE: Using the protection motivation theory (PMT) and the theory of planned behavior (TPB), to study the factors that influence willingness of the elderly to get the COVID-19 vaccine booster. METHODS: The elderly who visited three randomly selected medical institutions in Nanjing's core urban region between March and April 2022 were chosen as study participants. A face-to-face survey was conducted using purposeful sampling and a self-designed questionnaire. The questionnaire contained sociodemographic characteristics, the elderly's willingness to obtain a COVID-19 vaccine booster, and psychosocial cognitive components based on the PMT and TPB. SmartPLS 3.0 was used to conduct structural equation modeling. RESULTS: 214 participants were included in the analysis. The combined model of the two behavioral theories explained the willingness to accept COVID-19 vaccine booster well with R2 of 0.490. Self-efficacy (ß = 0.315) was the strongest predictor of vaccine booster willingness. Subjective norms (ß = 0.160), perceived severity (ß = 0.157), and perceived vulnerability (ß = 0.159) also showed positive effects on vaccine booster willingness, while response cost (ß = -0.143) had a negative effect on the willingness. No significant association between attitudes, response efficacy and the willingness was discovered. CONCLUSION: The willingness of the elderly to receive the COVID-19 vaccine booster was affected by psychosocial cognitive factors. This study supports the applicability of the PMT and TPB models to interpret the willingness of the elderly in such areas.

Mining the vaccination willingness of China using social media data.

OBJECTIVE: Vaccination is one of the most powerful and effective protective measures against Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Currently, several blogs hold content on vaccination attitudes expressed on social media platforms, especially Sina Weibo, which is one of the largest social media platforms in China. Therefore, Weibo is a good data source for investigating public opinions about vaccination attitudes. In this paper, we aimed to effectively mine blogs to quantify the willingness of the public to get the COVID-19 vaccine. MATERIALS AND METHODS: First, data including 144,379 Chinese blogs from Weibo, were collected between March 24 and April 28, 2021. The data were cleaned and preprocessed to ensure the quality of the experimental data, thereby reducing it to an experimental dataset of 72,496 blogs. Second, we employed a new fusion sentiment analysis model to analyze the sentiments of each blog. Third, the public's willingness to get the COVID-19 vaccine was quantified using the organic fusion of sentiment distribution and information dissemination effect. RESULTS: (1) The intensity of bloggers' sentiment toward COVID-19 vaccines changed over time. (2) The extremum of positive and negative sentiment intensities occurred when hot topics related to vaccines appeared. (3) The study revealed that the public's willingness to get the COVID-19 vaccine and the actual vaccination doses shares a linear relationship. CONCLUSION: We proposed a method for quantifying the public's vaccination willingness from social media data. The effectiveness of the method was demonstrated by a significant consistency between the estimates of public vaccination willingness and actual COVID-19 vaccination doses.

How Message Frames Promote People's Willingness to Get Vaccinated? The Mediation Role of Perceived Net Benefits

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the association among framed messages (egoism-, altruism-, and loss-framed information), perceived net benefits (PNB), and willingness to receive a COVID-19 vaccine. Methods: A between-subject survey experiment was designed to assess the above association. A total of 1,316 individuals were included in this study. The participants were randomly assigned to one control group (receiving non-framed information) and three experimental groups (receiving egoism-, altruism-, and loss-framed information). The participants then reported their vaccination willingness and perceived effectiveness and side effects of vaccination. PNB was determined by subtracting the perceived side effects from perceived effectiveness. Results: Compared with the control group, participants in the experimental groups exhibited stronger vaccination willingness. Higher PNB levels were associated with enhanced vaccination willingness. However, only loss-framed messages indirectly affected vaccination willingness through PNB. Conclusion: PNB can mediate the impact of message framing on vaccination willingness. However, the mediation effect of PNB was only found in the relationship between loss-framed messages and vaccination willingness. Copyright © 2023 Li, Gong, Tang and Zhou.

Chinese parents' willingness to vaccinate their children against COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Introduction: To evaluate Chinese parents' willingness to vaccinate their children against COVID-19, identify its predictors, and provide a reference for raising the COVID-19 vaccination rate for children. Method: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, and the databases in Chinese, including CNKI, WanFang, VIP, CBM, were searched from December 2019 to June 2022, and citation tracking was used to identify relevant studies. To calculate the rate with 95% confidence intervals (CI), a random-effects model was used. To explore sources of heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis and subgroup analysis were conducted. This analysis was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022346866) and reported in compliance with the PRISMA guidelines. Result: Overall, 80 studies were screened, and 13 studies with 47994 parents were included after removing duplicates and excluding 19 studies that did not meet the selection criteria by title, abstract and full-text screening. The pooled willingness rate of Chinese parents to vaccinate their children against COVID-19 was 70.0% (95% CI: 62.0~78.0%). Level of education, perceived susceptibility of children infected with COVID-19, and parental attitudes toward vaccination (such as perceived efficacy and safety of the COVID-19 vaccines, parental willingness to vaccinate themselves, parental vaccination hesitancy, and the history of children's vaccination against influenza) were the main predictors of parents' intention to vaccinate their children. Discussion: Chinese parents' willingness to vaccinate their children against COVID-19 is moderate, and factors including parental education level, perceived susceptibility of children infected with COVID-19, and parental attitudes toward vaccination affect this decision. Fully identifying these factors and their mechanism will be essential to further raise the willingness rate. Systematic review registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier: CRD42022346866.

Willingness to get vaccinated against influenza, pneumococcal disease, pertussis, and herpes zoster - A pre-COVID-19 exploration among the older adult population.

BACKGROUND: Older adults are at increased risk for adverse health outcomes when having an influenza, pneumococcal disease, pertussis, or herpes zoster infection. Despite the ability of vaccinations to prevent these adverse outcomes, vaccination coverage is low in the European Union. This study aimed to explore the sociodemographic, lifestyle, and health-related characteristics associated with vaccination willingness for these vaccine-preventable diseases. METHODS: Cross-sectional data from wave 6 (years 2013-2017) of the population-based Doetinchem Cohort Study was analysed, with 3063 participants aged 46-86 years included. The outcome was the self-reported willingness to get vaccinated against influenza, pneumococcal disease, pertussis, and herpes zoster (willing, neutral, not willing). Multinomial logistic regression was used to investigate the socio-demographic, lifestyle and health characteristics associated with vaccination willingness. RESULTS: For influenza 36 % was willing to get vaccinated, 35 % was neutral and 28 % was not willing to get vaccinated. The willingness to get vaccinated for the relatively unfamiliar vaccine-preventable diseases was lower: 26 % for pneumococcal disease (neutral: 50 %, not willing: 23 %), 26 % for pertussis (neutral 53 %, not willing: 22 %), and 23 % for herpes zoster (neutral 54 %, not willing: 24 %). A relative lower willingness was found among those 46-64 years old (compared to those 65 years or older). Women, having a high SES, being employed and having a good health were all associated with lower willingness to get vaccinated, which was the case for all vaccine-preventable diseases. CONCLUSIONS: Older adults were generally more willing to get vaccinated against influenza than for the three less familiar diseases. Characteristics of those less willing may be used to improve strategies to increase vaccination coverage. Additional studies are needed to investigate the willingness to get vaccinated during and after the COVID-19 pandemic that may have changed the feel of urgency for vaccination.

What attributes influence rural household's willingness to get vaccinated for COVID-19? Perspectives from six Chinese townships.

Since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, vaccinations have been identified as the most effective mitigation strategy against the deadly virus. This has led developed nations to accelerate research and shorten the licensure process for COVID-19 vaccines, but these changes have caused widespread concerns about vaccine safety. Research literature has long indicated that citizens' perceptions of protective actions will determine their behaviors, and thus, the relationship between vaccine perception and vaccination intention needs to be assessed. To better understand vaccination willingness, especially in rural populations, this study surveyed 492 households from six townships in the Ya'an region of China's Sichuan Province in November 2020. The survey followed the Protective Action Decision Model (PADM) framework for collecting perceptions about the influenza and COVID-19 vaccines as protective actions, information sources, emergency preparedness, emotional response, and demographic characteristics. The results showed that influenza vaccine perceptions significantly affected people's COVID-19 vaccination perceptions and intentions. Unlike previous vaccination willingness and other COVID-19 studies, this study found that perceptions of resource-related attributes and health-related attributes both affected COVID-19 vaccination intentions, but the former were slightly stronger than the latter. Moreover, these effects were strongest among respondents who had the most positive perceptions of their influenza vaccine experience. This study's findings will benefit local authorities in designing appropriate policies and measures (e.g., hazard education, risk communication, vaccination convenience enhancement) for increasing vaccination compliance for the current and future pandemics.

Awareness, knowledge and attitude toward influenza vaccination in several population groups in China: A cross-sectional study.

Background: We aimed to comprehensively analyze awareness, knowledge and attitude toward influenza vaccine and the factors associated to vaccine acceptance among the young and middle-aged general population, healthcare workers, and health-related administrators in China. The factors influencing the promotion of influenza vaccination were also evaluated among healthcare workers and administrators. Methods: This is a multicenter, cross-sectional study. General population adults, healthcare workers (HCWs), and health administrators were enrolled in seven regions across China during the 2020-2021 flu season. Data were collected via an online questionnaire, which included information request as to awareness, knowledge, and attitude toward influenza vaccination. Statistical significance set at p-values < 0.05. Results: A total of 3,239 individuals were included in our analyses. There were gaps in consciousness to action, especially between awareness (87.1%) and knowledge (57.7%), and between willingness (57.3%) and vaccination (22.3%). The downward trends were similar in all three groups. HCW group and the health administrator group showed more positive propensity to accept influenza vaccines than the general population group. For the general population group, those with a lower educational level (lower than a bachelor's degree) were less likely to be vaccinated (aOR = 0.66, 95% CI: 0.45-0.96). For the HCW group, practitioners older than 45 years were more reluctant to be vaccinated than those under 25 years (aOR = 0.41, 95% CI: 0.19-0.86). For the health administrator group, personnel aged 26 years and above were less inclined to be vaccinated (aORs = 0.17-0.20). In all groups, people who had received influenza vaccines in the past 5 years (aOR = 1.72, 95% CI: 1.31-2.26 in general population group, 13.05, 95% CI: 7.71-22.10 in HCW group, and 19.30, 95% CI: 9.66-42.63 in health administrator group) were more likely to be vaccinated in future seasons. People who were not covered by the free program or those without awareness of the related programs were less likely to be vaccinated (aORs < 0.63). Most (70.8%) of HCWs showed intention to recommend the influenza vaccine. Clinical doctors, those who had flu shots themselves, and those who had more knowledge, were more like to make recommendations. Health administrators stated that insufficient budget resources and workforce, and low public awareness are main difficulties in the promotion of influenza vaccine. Conclusion: The influencing factors of the attitude toward influenza vaccination vary across populations. Governments need to carry out focused vaccination promotion programs, especially for healthcare workers, to improve the coverage of influenza vaccination.

Parental Attitudes Towards Vaccination Against COVID-19 in China During Pandemic.

Purpose: The Chinese government has authorized the emergency use of an inactivated vaccine for COVID-19 in children and adolescents aged 3 to 17 years. This study aimed to investigate parents' attitudes towards vaccinating their children against COVID-19 and influencing factors. Patients and Methods: Through an online questionnaire survey, we collected self-reported children's demographic characteristics, physical conditions and parents' attitudes towards COVID-19 vaccination for children. The parents in the unwilling group received online consultation about the benefits and risks of COVID-19 vaccine and were asked to complete the questionnaire again. Results: A total of 868 participants were recruited from July 2021 to August 2021 in Nanjing, China. Overall, 76.0% of parents were willing to accept vaccination for children. Parents' willingness increased with children's age (P=0.018) and height (P=0.034), but decreased if the children fell sick within previous one month (P=0.030). Most of the unwilling parents gave a higher score to the risk of vaccination (53.76 VS 40.18). Unsafety (63.8%) and unfamiliarity (24.0%) were their major concerns. After consultation with a health worker, 24% of the unwilling parents turned willing. Conclusion: Children's age and recent physical condition are related to parents' attitudes towards vaccination for children against COVID-19. The major concerns of parents are unsafety and unfamiliarity. Parents view health workers as a reliable source of vaccine information. A successful consultation with health workers to understand the benefits and risks of vaccination can increase parents' willingness. This study provides insight into parents' attitudes towards vaccination for children against COVID-19 in China and related influencing factors. Our findings could be referenced in establishing policies for vaccinating children against COVID-19 in China.

Exploring the Willingness of the COVID-19 Vaccine Booster Shots in China Using the Health Belief Model: Web-Based Online Cross-Sectional Study.

(1) Objective: To explore Chinese residents' willingness to receive COVID-19 vaccine booster shots and identify predictors of the level of willingness based on the health belief model (HBM). (2) Methods: The snowball sampling method was used to distribute online questionnaires. A chi-square test was used to analyze the relationship between different variables. The causal relationship between HBM-related factors and booster vaccination intentions was explored by Structural equation modeling (SEM). (3) Results: A total of 898 complete responses were included; 64.3% had already received the booster injection. Most respondents intended to vaccinate themselves, while 16.1% were hesitant. Nearly half of the respondents chose to take the booster injection to support China's vaccination policy. Using the SEM, perceived susceptibility and perceived barriers were found to have a negative effect on booster vaccination intentions, whereas perceived benefit and cues to action positively affected booster vaccination intentions in the HBM. (4) Conclusions: Factors included in this study have different effects on the willingness to take the COVID-19 booster injections. Sociodemographic characteristics and characteristics of participants' COVID-19 vaccination have a significant effect on the willingness to receive vaccine booster shots. The HBM constructs can serve as good predictors of the acceptance of vaccine booster shots with the exception of perceived severity, which may benefit health officials in terms of conducting targeted strategies in vaccine programs.

Questionnaire Survey on Vaccination Willingness and the Status of COVID-19 Vaccination Among Patients with Rheumatic Disease: A Single-Center Survey in China.

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic is an ongoing global pandemic. Patients with rheumatic disease are more likely to be infected with COVID-19 than the general population, and they should be vaccinated against COVID-19 for protection. This study aimed to understand the willingness to receive the COVID-19 vaccine among these patients. Methodology: Patients who came to the Rheumatology and Immunology Department of our hospital from July 3-20, 2021, were randomly selected for a self-designed survey via an online questionnaire platform. Four hundred seventeen questionnaires were validated. Results: Males were more likely to underestimate the risk of COVID-19 infection than females, and medical workers had a higher perception of COVID-19 infection risk than nonmedical workers (both P <0.05). Among the included patients, 149 (35.73%) patients were hesitant to be vaccinated, while 268 (64.27%) patients are willing to accept vaccination. Logistic regression analysis showed that men were more willing to be vaccinated than women, and nonmedical workers were more willing to be vaccinated than medical workers (both P <0.05). A total of 55.40% of the patients did not receive the COVID-19 vaccine. The incidence of adverse reactions for the 167 patients who received the COVID-19 vaccine was 8.98%. Conclusion: The vaccination rate of the patients with rheumatic disease was relatively low, as was their vaccination willingness. Patient sex, whether the patient was a medical worker, and the patient's level of knowledge about the risk of COVID-19 infection and the impact of vaccination on the disease were key factors.

COVID-19 Vaccine Misperceptions in a Community Sample of Adults Aged 18-49 Years in Australia.

Central to a successful population vaccination program is high uptake of vaccines. However, COVID-19 vaccine uptake may be impeded by beliefs based on misinformation. We sought to understand the prevalence and nature of misbeliefs about COVID-19 vaccines, and identify associated factors, shortly after commencement of Australia's national vaccine rollout. A cross-sectional survey was administered to unvaccinated young adults (n = 2050) in Australia aged 18-49 years (mean age 33 years), 13 July-21 August 2021. This sample was previously under-represented in COVID-19 research but shown to have less willingness to vaccinate. Two thirds of participants agreed with at least one misbelief item. Misperceptions about COVID-19 vaccines were found to be significantly associated with lower health literacy, less knowledge about vaccines, lower perceived personal risk of COVID-19, greater endorsement of conspiracy beliefs, and lower confidence and trust in government and scientific institutions. Misbeliefs were more common in participants with less educational attainment, in younger age groups, and in males, as per previous research. Understanding determinants and barriers to vaccination uptake, such as knowledge and beliefs based on misinformation, can help to shape effective public health communication and inform debunking efforts at this critical time and in the future.

Changes of COVID-19 Knowledge, Attitudes, Practices and Vaccination Willingness Among Residents in Jinan, China.

Background: Vaccine hesitancy is responsible for low vaccine coverage and increased risk of epidemics. The purpose of this study was to assess whether public knowledge, attitudes, practices, and willingness to vaccinate against COVID-19 have changed over time and at different stages of vaccination. Methods: Two consecutive surveys were conducted among residents of the Leshan Community in Jinan from May to June, 2021 (n = 423) (basic dose vaccination phase) and from December, 2021 to January, 2022 (n = 470) (booster vaccination phase). Randomly sampling was used in residents to complete an anonymous questionnaire. Chi-square test was used to compare the changes in knowledge, attitudes and practices of the subjects in different survey stages. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to explore factors related to vaccination hesitancy. Results: In the booster vaccination phase, protective behaviors (89.9%) of residents increased significantly compared with the basic vaccination phase (74.5%). Residents were more hesitant to receive booster doses than basal doses of COVID-19 vaccine (OR: 18.334, 95% CI: 9.021-37.262). Residents with other marital statuses (OR: 2.719, 95% CI: 1.632-4.528), negative attitudes toward government measures were more hesitant to get vaccinated (OR: 2.576, 95% CI: 1.612-4.118). People who thought their physical condition was very good or good were more likely to be vaccinated than those who thought they were in fair or poor health (OR: 0.516, 95% CI: 0.288-0.925; OR: 0.513, 95% CI: 0.295-0.893). Young people inclined to use new media (such as WeChat and microblog) to obtain information, while the elderly inclined to use traditional methods (such as television). Government propaganda, residents' perception of the importance of vaccines and the risk of disease were the main reasons for accelerating residents to vaccinate. The main reasons affecting residents' lack of vaccination were contraindications to the vaccine or inconvenient time for vaccination. Conclusions: Vaccine hesitancy increased significantly with change in vaccination stage. Strategies should be adopted to increase vaccination coverage such as improving the convenience of vaccination, promoting through multiple channels.